AFP

Tesla’s unveiling this week of a new auto factory in Austin has highlighted corporate America’s growing affinity for Texas compared with California and other states seen as less business-friendly.

The state, bigger than France in land mass and second among US states to California in population, has become the location of choice for Tesla CEO Elon Musk’s new “Gigafactory.”

The new factory will be officially presented at what Musk has dubbed a “Cyber Rodeo” on Thursday, with up to 15,000 visitors.

Last year, Tesla moved its corporate headquarters from Silicon Valley to Austin. And Tesla is far from alone in picking the Lone Star state as its corporate seat.

Texas Governor Greg Abbott has spoken of the state’s commitment to “economic liberty.” In practice that means Texas is one of just a handful of US states with no individual income tax, or a corporate income tax.

The state also is aggressive about offering subsidies to attract businesses and new jobs.

– The ‘new California’ –

In a country often described as riven between red (conservative) and blue (progressive) ideologies, Texas and California are in many ways prototypical of a divided country.

Texas has pushed ahead with myriad hardline policies on divisive social issues. 

These include heavy restrictions on abortion rights and on parents who seek health services for transgender children — policies that led New York Times columnist Frank Bruni to recently question  whether Texas was the most “meanspirited” state in the nation.

Despite these controversies, big business has continued to flock to Texas.

The state has long prospered from its legacy as a petroleum powerhouse, but the Austin area has become a major center for technology, while Houston is known as a biomedical center and as home to a major NASA site.

Lee Ohanian and Joseph Vranich of the Hoover Institution, a conservative think tank at Stanford University, have hailed the Texas model of lower taxes and limited regulation in comparison with the California approach.

“Texas has become the new California, and California is becoming the new Rust Belt, losing businesses and people to states that offer more opportunities and a better, more affordable life,” they wrote in an August 2021 column that noted that Texas has now seven times the number of capital investment projects compared with California. 

The state is home to dozens of Fortune 500 companies, including others that have, like Texas, relocated to the Lone Star State. These include Oracle and Hewlett Packard, which moved in 2020.

Other companies that are based in other states are also picking Texas as home to key operations.

Aerospace giant Boeing, which is based in Chicago, is considering relocating some of its remanufacturing capacity from Seattle to Texas, an industrial source told AFP.

– Human capital –

Beyond its business climate, Texas is home to several top schools, including Rice University in Houston and the University of Texas at Austin, both ongoing sources of young, diverse and skilled labor.

Moreover, Texas’ greater affordability in terms of lower rental costs, accessible cost of living and more physical space makes the state an appealing option for recent graduates.

In the third quarter of 2021, the median price for a home  was $233,593 in Austin and $274,136 in Dallas. That compared with $1.2 million in San Francisco and $647,605 in Westchester County, New York, according to National Association of Realtors.

“Why Texas?” asked Abbott in a recent fireside chat.

“From education, agriculture, space, technology, and more, Texas offers everything families, growing businesses, and individuals need to succeed,” Abbott said, pointing to attributes that include “our world-class business climate and diverse workforce that make Texas the best place to live, work, and raise a family.”

Russia said Wednesday it had been forced to make foreign debt payments on dollar-denominated bonds in rubles, raising the prospect of a potential default amid unprecedented Western sanctions over the Ukraine conflict.

The announcement came on the 42nd day of Russia’s military campaign in pro-Western Ukraine, with thousands killed and more than 11 million having fled their homes or the country in the worst refugee crisis in Europe since World War II.

The West has pummelled Russia with debilitating sanctions since President Vladimir Putin sent troops into Ukraine on February 24.

On Wednesday, the United States announced sanctions against Putin’s two adult daughters and “full blocking” sanctions on Russia’s largest public and private financial institutions, Sberbank and Alfa Bank. It also said all new US investment in Russia was now prohibited.

The Russian finance ministry said earlier in the day that it had been forced to repay $649.2 million to foreign debt-holders in rubles after a correspondent bank refused to execute payment instructions.

Ratings agencies have downgraded Russia and warned that payments of dollar-denominated debt in local currency would constitute a sovereign default, the country’s first in decades.

The United States this week barred Russia from making debt payments using funds held at American banks, ramping up the economic pain in Moscow.

“A foreign correspondent bank refused to execute instructions for the payment” of debt on two eurobonds on April 4, the Russian finance ministry said.

“In order to fulfil the state debt obligations,” the ministry said it “was forced to call upon a Russian financial institution to make the necessary payments”.

The finance ministry did not specify whether the ruble payment had been accepted. 

“If Russia attempts to transfer payment in rubles –- as it has warned in the past –- via a special payment procedure set up in mid-March for bonds that do not have a ruble repayment clause, this will constitute default,” said Elina Ribakova, deputy chief economist at the Institute of International Finance, a US-headquartered financial industry association.

– ‘Putin impoverishing Russia’ –

The Kremlin denied suggestions that Russia could default on foreign debt payments.

“Russia has all the necessary resources to service its debts,” Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters. 

“There are no grounds for a real default.”

Timothy Ash, an emerging markets strategist at BlueBay Asset Management, said, however, that it was hard to see Russia avoiding a sovereign default. 

“Putin is impoverishing Russia for years to come,” he said in a note to clients.

“Default might not crash Russian markets and the economy immediately but will have devastating longer term consequences.”

Russia last missed payments on domestic, ruble-denominated debt in 1998, but last defaulted on its foreign currency debt in 1918 under Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin. 

In recent years, Moscow amassed about $600 billion in foreign currency reserves, including gold, largely from oil and natural gas sales.

The government has about $40 billion in dollar- or euro-denominated debt, though only half of that is held by foreign creditors.

– ‘Eye-popping’ price hikes –

The sanctions also sparked an exodus from Russia of hundreds of foreign companies.

US officials expect the sanctions to plunge Russia, which has heavily relied on imports of manufacturing equipment and consumer goods, into deep recession.

Ordinary Russians have been bracing for tough times, stocking up on food and other supplies as inflation soars.

Prices for consumer goods have risen on average of almost 10 percent since the start of the year, the national statistics agency Rosstat said Wednesday, while for some items it is much higher.

Olesya Ogiyeva, a 42-year-old factory worker in Russia’s second largest city of Saint Petersburg, complained recent price hikes were “eye-popping.”

“You come home, take out your purchases and realise that you’ve basically bought nothing, because everything is very expensive,” she told AFP.

New car sales sank almost 63 percent in Russia in March year-on-year, the Association of European Businesses reported Wednesday. 

Rosstat said prices for new cars of foreign makes rose over 30 percent since the end of last year, while Russian-make cars rose over 20 percent.

Andrei Yakovlev, director of the Institute for Industrial and Market Studies at Moscow’s Higher School of Economics, said the worst economic impact of the sanctions was still to come.

“Disruption to component supplies across all industries will begin in about a month or a month and a half,” Yakovlev told AFP. 

“It is possible that a large number of enterprises will stop working because of this in May,” he said, adding that eventually tens or even hundreds of thousands of people will stop receiving wages.

Global equities sank Wednesday on bets the US Federal Reserve will act more aggressively to bring inflation under control.

Asian and European bourses retreated, and Wall Street was also trading lower, extending heavy falls in US stocks a day earlier.

The euro hit a one-month dollar low ahead of the release due Wednesday of the minutes from the Fed’s latest policy meeting.

The minutes from the Fed’s March meeting will be pored over for insights into the thinking of US central bankers, in light of the Ukraine war and recent data suggesting the world’s top economy remains resilient.

“The markets remain unnerved by the economic implications of a highly aggressive Fed and a potential policy mistake,” analysts from Charles Schwab said in a note.

London stocks slid also as UK businesses and individuals saw a major tax hike kick in, worsening Britain’s cost-of-living crisis as domestic energy bills rocket.

– ‘Significant headwinds’ –

“Investor confidence might have improved from the low point in early March when the Ukraine war was unfolding,” said AJ Bell investment director Russ Mould. 

“However, there remain significant headwinds for equities and the latest trouble spot is what the Federal Reserve might do to curb inflation.”

Investors are fretting also over how quickly officials will withdraw their vast pandemic-era financial support.

After last month’s 0.25-percentage-point hike in US interest rates, the focus is now on its plans for May’s meeting, with expectations growing that the Fed will announce a 0.50-point lift followed by several more before the end of the year.

Fed governor Lael Brainard, who is considered a dove, on Tuesday spooked traders by saying bringing US inflation down from 40-year highs was of “paramount importance” and that the bank was “prepared to take stronger action” if warranted.

Brainard also said bank policymakers were ready to start reducing its vast bond holdings, which have helped keep borrowing costs down.

“It’s an ugly affair right now, because the increased chatter from Fed officials about perhaps needing to be more aggressive with the policy stance shows that the Fed is recognising it is behind the inflation curve and now risks making a policy mistake trying to catch up,” said Patrick O’Hare from Briefing.com.

– Oil rebounds –

Oil prices dropped after rebounding earlier when European Council chief Charles Michel told the European Parliament that it must impose oil and gas sanctions on Russia “sooner or later”.

Crude futures had slid the previous day on the European Union’s decision not to include Russian oil in a fresh round of sanctions.

Britain slapped new sanctions on Russia Wednesday over its invasion of Ukraine, targeting two banks and eliminating all Russian oil and coal imports by the end of the year.

The White House also announced sanctions targeting Russia’s top public and private banks and two daughters of President Vladimir Putin.

– Key figures around 1605 GMT –

London – FTSE 100: DOWN 0.3 percent at 7,587.70 points (close)

Frankfurt – DAX: DOWN 1.9 percent at 14,151.69 (close) 

Paris – CAC 40: DOWN 2.2 percent at 6,498.83  (close) 

EURO STOXX 50: DOWN 2.4 percent at 3,824.69

New York – Dow: DOWN 0.6 percent at 34,434.41 

Tokyo – Nikkei 225: DOWN 1.9 percent at 27,080.52 (close)

Hong Kong – Hang Seng Index: DOWN 1.3 percent at 22,219.85 (close)

Shanghai – Composite: FLAT at 3,283.43 (close)

Brent North Sea crude: DOWN 2.6 percent at $103.86 per barrel

West Texas Intermediate: DOWN 2.8 percent at $99.11 per barrel

Euro/dollar: UP at $1.0913 from $1.0905 late Tuesday

Pound/dollar: UP at $1.3086 from $1.3074

Euro/pound: DOWN at 83.40 pence from 83.41 pence

Dollar/yen: UP at 123.73  yen from 123.60 yen

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The White House announced sanctions Wednesday targeting Russia’s top public and private banks and two daughters of Vladimir Putin, adding pressure on the country’s economy and its elite over the invasion of Ukraine.

The new sanctions targeted Maria Vorontsova and Katerina Tikhonova, two adult daughters of Putin’s with his former wife Lyudmila Shkrebneva.

Also hit with new sanctions were the wife and daughter of Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov and members of Russia’s Security Council, including former president and prime minister Dmitry Medvedev and Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin.

“These individuals have enriched themselves at the expense of the Russian people. Some of them are responsible for providing the support necessary to underpin Putin’s war on Ukraine,” the White House said in a statement.

“We believe that many of Putin’s assets are hidden with family members, and that’s why we’re targeting them,” a senior US official told reporters, referring to the two daughters.

The White House also declared “full blocking” sanctions on Russia’s largest public and private financial institutions, Sberbank and Alfa Bank, and said all new US investment in Russia was now prohibited.

And it said that new sanctions would be announced Thursday on key Russian state enterprises, aiming to hamper their ability to trade and move money through the global financial system.

President Joe Biden tied the escalation of sanctions directly to the evidence that has mounted that Russian forces deliberately murdered civilians in Bucha, a town outside Kyiv.

“I made clear that Russia would pay a severe and immediate price for its atrocities in Bucha,” Biden tweeted.

– Energy transactions protected – 

The new sanctions were being coordinated with US allies in Europe and elsewhere, aiming to further damage the Russian economy in order to pressure Putin to stop the war.

“Today, in alignment with G7 allies and partners, we are intensifying the most severe sanctions ever levied on a major economy,” the official said on grounds of anonymity.

The sanctions on the two banks broadened an earlier measure that blocked certain capital transactions with them.

Now any asset the bank has that is or comes under US jurisdiction will be frozen, and people and companies under US jurisdiction are banned from doing business with them.

This could have a significant impact on Sberbank, which holds nearly one-third of the assets in the Russian banking industry.

However, the US sanctions continued to avoid Russia’s energy sector, which still reaps millions of dollars daily from European customers for its natural gas.

Energy-related transactions at the two banks will still be permitted, the White House said.

In a parallel action Wednesday, the US Justice Department indicted Russian oligarch Konstantin Malofeyev for sanctions violations.

Attorney General Merrick Garland said the Russian billionaire was a source of financing for Russians promoting separatism in Crimea and supported pro-Moscow separatists in the so-called Donetsk People’s Republic in eastern Ukraine.   

“After being sanctioned by the United States, Malofeyev attempted to evade the sanctions by using co-conspirators to surreptitiously acquire and run media outlets across Europe,” Garland told reporters.

“Malofeyev played a leading role in supporting Russia’s 2014 invasion of eastern Ukraine, continues to run a pro-Putin propaganda network, and recently described Russia’s 2022 military invasion of Ukraine as a ‘holy war,’” said FBI official Michael Driscoll.

Russia said Wednesday it had been forced to make foreign debt payments on dollar-denominated bonds in rubles, raising the prospect of a potential default amid unprecedented Western sanctions over the Ukraine conflict.

The announcement came on the 42nd day of Russia’s military campaign in pro-Western Ukraine, with thousands killed and more than 11 million having fled their homes or the country in the worst refugee crisis in Europe since World War II.

The West has pummelled Russia with debilitating sanctions since President Vladimir Putin sent troops into Ukraine on February 24.

On Wednesday, the United States and the European Union were readying new sanctions after Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky showed the UN Security Council harrowing images of violence.

The Russian finance ministry said on Wednesday that it had been forced to repay $649.2 million to foreign debt-holders in rubles after a correspondent bank refused to execute payment instructions.

Ratings agencies have downgraded Russia and warned that payments of dollar-denominated debt in local currency would constitute a sovereign default, the country’s first in decades.

The United States from Monday barred Russia from making debt payments using funds held at American banks, ramping up the economic pain in Moscow.

“A foreign correspondent bank refused to execute instructions for the payment” of debt on two eurobonds on April 4, the ministry said in a statement.

“In order to fulfil the state debt obligations of the Russian Federation,” the finance ministry said it “was forced to call upon a Russian financial institution to make the necessary payments”.

The finance ministry did not specify whether the ruble payment had been accepted. 

“If Russia attempts to transfer payment in rubles –- as it has warned in the past –- via a special payment procedure set up in mid-March, for bonds that do not have a ruble repayment clause, this will constitute default,” said Elina Ribakova, deputy chief economist at the Institute of International Finance, a US-headquartered financial industry association.

– ‘Putin impoverishing Russia’ –

The Kremlin denied suggestions that Russia could default on foreign debt payments.

“Russia has all the necessary resources to service its debts,” Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters. 

“There are no grounds for a real default.”

Timothy Ash, an emerging markets strategist at BlueBay Asset Management, said, however, that it was hard to see Russia avoiding a sovereign default. 

“Putin is impoverishing Russia for years to come,” he said in a note to clients.

“Default might not crash Russian markets and the economy immediately but will have devastating longer term consequences,” he said, adding that investment, growth and living standards will be affected.

Russia missed payments on domestic, ruble-denominated debt in 1998 amid a broader financial crisis, but last defaulted on its foreign currency debt in 1918, when Bolshevik revolution leader Vladimir Lenin refused to recognise the obligations of the deposed tsar’s regime. 

In recent years, Moscow amassed about $600 billion in foreign currency reserves, including gold, largely from oil and natural gas sales.

The government owes about $40 billion in dollar- or euro-denominated debt, though only half of that is held by foreign creditors.

– No wages? –

The sanctions also sparked an exodus from Russia of hundreds of foreign companies.

US officials expect the sanctions to plunge Russia, which has heavily relied on imports of manufacturing equipment and consumer goods, into deep recession.

Ordinary Russians have been bracing for tough times, stocking up on food and other supplies as inflation soars.

New car sales sank almost 63 percent in Russia in March year-on-year, industry data showed Wednesday, with Russians less likely to buy imported cars after the ruble plummeted in value.

Only 55,129 cars or light commercial vehicles were sold last month, a 62.9-percent drop from the same period last year, said the Association of European Businesses. 

Andrei Yakovlev, director of the Institute for Industrial and Market Studies at Moscow’s Higher School of Economics, said the worst economic impact of the sanctions is still to come, since many Russian businesses rely on imported components and are using up their current stocks.

“Disruption to component supplies across all industries will begin in about a month or a month and a half,” Yakovlev told AFP. 

“It is possible that a large number of enterprises will stop working because of this in May,” he said, adding that eventually tens or even hundreds of thousands of people will stop receiving wages.

JetBlue Airways announced Tuesday a bid to acquire Spirit Airlines for $3.6 billion, setting up a bidding war with Frontier Airlines in the discount flying market.

The all-cash bid of $33 a share marks a 52 percent premium of Spirit’s price prior to its February 7 announcement of the deal with Frontier, according to JetBlue.

“JetBlue firmly believes its proposal constitutes a ‘superior proposal’ under Spirit’s merger agreement with Frontier and represents the most attractive opportunity for Spirit’s shareholders,” JetBlue said.

Spirit confirmed receipt of the “unsolicited” proposal from JetBlue, adding that its board would weigh the offer.

The board “will work with its financial and legal advisors to evaluate JetBlue’s proposal and pursue the course of action it determines to be in the best interests of Spirit and its stockholders,” Spirit said.

Frontier hit back at the JetBlue announcement and said its proposed merger with Spirit remained “in the best interest of consumers and shareholders,” a Frontier spokesperson said.

“Unlike the compelling Spirit-Frontier combination, an acquisition of Spirit by JetBlue, a high-fare carrier, would lead to more expensive travel for consumers. In particular, the significant East Coast overlap between JetBlue and Spirit would reduce competition and limit options for consumers.”

Frontier also said that JetBlue’s effort was “surprising” given an antitrust lawsuit by the Department of Justice challenging an alliance between American Airlines and JetBlue. 

In announcing the merger between Frontier and Spirit two months ago, executives from the two carriers argued they could together challenge larger US carriers and save about $1 billion in costs. 

JetBlue offered a similar argument Tuesday, saying the deal would “position JetBlue as the most compelling national low-fare challenger to the four large dominant US carriers.”

Shares of Spirit rose 22.4 percent Tuesday, while JetBlue fell 7.1 percent. Frontier Group rose 3.9 percent.

The EU is preparing to hit Russian coal with sanctions.

While European Council chief Charles Michel said Wednesday the 27-nation bloc will have to impose oil and gas sanctions on Moscow “sooner or later”, it has been reluctant to do so for now.

Here is a look at the reasons behind the hestitation:

– A boon for Russia –

Russia is a major fossil fuel producer, and revenue from oil and gas made up 45 percent of the federal budget last year, according to the International Energy Agency.

That’s why Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky urged the EU to stop buying Russian energy so “Russia will have no more money for this war”.

Russia exported nearly five million barrels per day of oil in 2020, with half going to European countries, especially Germany, the Netherlands and Poland, according to US data.

The United States, a major energy producer, has put an embargo on Russian energy including oil.

But there is only an EU proposal to ban coal imports, although Brussels aims to reduce purchases of Russian gas by two-thirds this year.

– Coal: replaceable –

Russia holds 15 percent of the world’s coal reserves, according to BP’s annual report on global energy.

Certain European countries like Germany and Poland are especially dependent on Russia for coal, used to produce electricity.

The trend in the EU is to move away from polluting coal: consumption of solid fossil fuels dropped from 1.2 billion to 427 million tonnes between 1990 and 2020, according to the Brussels-based Bruegel Institute think-tank.

Europeans also closed their mines but they became more dependent on imports.

The EU purchased 40 million tonnes of Russian hard coal in 2020 (54 percent of imports) compared with eight million tonnes in 1990 (seven percent).

But Germany plans to live without Russian coal by this autumn.

“Russian coal can be replaced because global coal markets are well supplied and flexible,” noted Bruegel.

Other major producers of coal include the US from where the EU imports 17.5 percent of coal today or Australia, representing 16 percent of the bloc’s purchases. Other options include South Africa or Indonesia.

– Oil remains possible –

Russia is the world’s largest oil exporter and supplies more than 25 percent of the EU’s crude, according to the EU statistics agency Eurostat.

In the first six months of 2021, Russia provided 75 percent of crude to Bulgaria, Slovakia, Hungary and Finland.

“In principle, replacing Russian oil will be easier than replacing Russian gas” because the imports arrive by ship and not infrastructure like pipelines, wrote Bruegel.

Experts also refer to the phenomenon of “communicating vessels”: Russian barrels would ultimately be sold in China, replacing those from the Middle East, which would then become available to Europe.

But Russia also exports 1.5 million barrels per day of diesel, which Europe is very fond of.

“(An embargo) will pose a real problem for diesel,” warned French ecological transition minister Barbara Pompili.

If there is an embargo, it will be necessary to find other sources of diesel, and not just crude oil. French energy giant TotalEnergies plans to import oil from its Saudi refinery.

– Expensive choice –

Russia exports gas directly to Europe via a network of pipelines.

With 155 billion cubic metres imported annually, Russian gas represents 45 percent of the EU’s imports and meets nearly 40 percent of consumption.

A potential embargo on all Russian energy divides Europe because some are more dependant than others, like Germany where 55 percent of its gas is from Russia.

“Russian gas deliveries are not exchangeable” and cutting them off “would harm us more than Russia”, German Finance Minister Christian Lindner said.

Russian gas made up 75 percent of imports of 10 countries — Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia — last year, according to Eurostat. 

Baltic states stopped importing Russian gas this month and are using their reserves.

By depriving itself of Russian gas completely, Europe would struggle to replenish its gas storage for next winter.

Experts say Europe could only partly replace it by increasing imports from other countries, including liquefied natural gas (LNG) arriving by ship.

It would therefore be necessary to lower gas usage also by limiting some industries’ production.

The French Council of Economic Analysis (CAE), a body tasked with advising Paris on policy, calculated an embargo on Russian energy — gas included — would cost Germany between 0.3 and three percent of its GDP.

And “Lithuania, Bulgaria, Slovakia, Finland or the Czech Republic may experience national income falls between one and five percent,” it said.