AFP

European stocks tumbled Monday and the euro hit a new 20-year dollar low on energy crisis fears, after Russia said it would not restart gas flows to Germany and effectively most of the continent.

Natural gas prices spiked almost a third, while oil rallied on expectations OPEC and its Russia-led allies could decide at a meeting Monday to lower crude output in a bid to lift prices.

Europe’s fast-moving gas crisis sent Frankfurt equities slumping more than three percent before trimming losses, while Paris shed two percent at one stage.

London stocks also lost ground before the much-anticipated announcement of Britain’s next prime minister at around 1130 GMT.

– ‘Weaponization of energy’ –

“Russia’s ongoing weaponization of energy supplies continues to increase downside risks for European economies and the euro,” said Lee Hardman, currency analyst at financial services group MUFG. 

The euro sank Monday to $0.9878, its lowest since December 2002, despite expectations the European Central Bank will hike interest rates again Thursday to combat soaring inflation.

The shared eurozone unit has collapsed by about 13 percent against the dollar since the start of the year, hit also by the US Federal Reserve’s more aggressive monetary tightening.

State gas giant Gazprom announced late Friday the key Nord Stream pipeline would remain shut indefinitely, blaming leaks.

Gazprom’s announcement came the same day as the G7 nations said they would work to quickly implement a price cap on Russian oil exports, a move that would starve the Kremlin of critical revenue for its war on Ukraine.

Resumption of deliveries via the pipeline, which runs from near Saint Petersburg to Germany under the Baltic Sea, had been due to resume on Saturday after what Gazprom had described as three days of maintenance work.

– ‘Grim shadow before winter’ –

The news intensified an energy crisis caused by Europe’s sanctions on Moscow for its invasion of Ukraine in February.

Investors are fearful of an energy supply crunch during the peak-demand northern hemisphere winter.

That could potentially lead to a painful recession.

“Russia’s decision to turn off Europe’s gas hangs over the continent like a grim shadow ahead of winter,” said AJ Bell investment director Russ Mould.

At the same time, governments worldwide are grappling with the impact of rocketing domestic energy costs.

Germany on Sunday unveiled a new 65-billion-euro ($65-billion) package to help households cope with soaring prices, and eyed windfall profits from energy companies to help fund the move.

That took Berlin’s total relief to almost 100 billion euros since the start of the Ukraine war.

Elsewhere on Monday, Asian bourses experienced mixed trade as last week’s upbeat US jobs report partly offset fears over Europe’s outlook — and China’s new Covid lockdowns.

– Key figures at around 1000 GMT –

London – FTSE 100: DOWN 0.6 percent at 7,234.88 points

Frankfurt – DAX: DOWN 2.3 percent at 12,747.73

Paris – CAC 40: DOWN 1.6 percent at 6,071.27

EURO STOXX 50: DOWN 1.9 percent at 3,478.13

Tokyo – Nikkei 225: DOWN 0.1 percent at 27,619.61 (close)

Hong Kong – Hang Seng Index: DOWN 1.2 percent at 19,225.70 (close)

Shanghai – Composite: UP 0.4 percent at 3,199.91 (close)

New York – Dow: DOWN 1.1 percent at 31,318.44 (close)

Euro/dollar: DOWN at $0.9927 from $0.9954 on Friday

Dollar/yen: UP at 140.43 yen from 140.20 yen

Pound/dollar: UP at $1.1515 from $1.1509

Euro/pound: DOWN at 86.20 pence from 86.48 pence

West Texas Intermediate: UP 2.7 percent at $89.17 per barrel

Brent North Sea crude: UP 2.7 percent at $95.52 per barrel

burs-rfj/bcp/cdw

The UN’s humanitarian chief warned Monday that drought-ravaged Somalia was on the brink of famine for the second time in just over a decade, and time was running out to save lives.

“Famine is at the door and we are receiving a final warning,” Martin Griffiths told a press conference in the Somali capital Mogadishu. 

A food and nutrition report due for release on Monday has “concrete indications” that famine will strike the regions of Baidoa and Burhakaba in south-central Somalia between October and December, Griffiths said. 

“I’ve been shocked to my core these past few days by the level of pain and suffering we see so many Somalis enduring,” said the head of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), who began a visit to the country on Thursday.

“The unprecedented failure of four consecutive rainy seasons, decades of conflict, mass displacement, severe economic issues are pushing many people to… the  brink of famine,” he said.   

“We are in the last moment of the 11th hour to save lives.”

Somalia and its neighbours in the Horn of Africa including Ethiopia and Kenya are in the grip of the worst drought in more than 40 years after four failed rainy seasons wiped out livestock and crops.

Humanitarian agencies have been ringing alarm bells for months and say the situtuation is likely to deteriorate with a likely fifth failed rainy season in the offing.

Griffiths said the situation was worse in Somalia than during the last famine in 2011 when 260,000 people, more than half of them children under the age of six. 

The UN’s World Food Programme (WFP) last month said the number of people at risk of starvation across the Horn had increased to 22 million.

In Somalia alone, the number of people facing crisis hunger levels is 7.8 million, or about half the population, while around a million have fled their homes on a desperate quest for food and water, UN agencies say. 

Griffiths described scenes of heart-rending suffering during a visit to Baidoa, describing it as the epicentre of the crisis where he saw “children so malnourished they could barely speak” or cry.

– ‘Beyond breaking point’ –

Conflict-wracked Somalia is considered one of the most vulnerable to climate change but is particularly ill-equipped to cope with the crisis.

A deadly insurgency by the radical Islamist Al-Shabaab group for more than a decade and a half against the fragile federal government is limiting humanitarian access to many areas.

A long-running political crisis also diverted attention away from the drought, but new President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud used his inauguration speech in June to appeal for international help to stave off disaster.

In recent years, increasingly extreme droughts and floods have added to the devastation caused by a locust invasion and the Covid-19 pandemic.

“Somalia is facing unprecedented levels of drought which have particularly hit rural communities, alongside other impacts like conflict, Covid-19, macroeconomic challenges, and a recent desert locust upsurge,” the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said in a statement on Friday. 

It said people’s means to produce food and earn income were “stretched beyond breaking point”.

The UN’s World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has said the Horn was likely facing a fifth straight failed rainy season over the months of October to December.

– ‘Sleepwalking’ to catastrophe – 

  

At the start of this year, the WFP had put the number of people facing hunger across the Horn at 13 million, and appealed for donors to open their wallets.

Funds were initially slow in coming, with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine among other crises drawing attention from the disaster in the Horn, humanitarian workers said.

The war in Ukraine has also sent global food and fuel prices soaring, making aid delivery more expensive.

In June, British charity Save the Children had issued an alert that the international community was “sleepwalking towards another catastrophic famine” in Somalia.

OCHA has said the March-May 2022 rainy season was the driest on record in the last 70 years, and 2020-2022 had surpassed “the horrific droughts in both 2010-2011 and 2016-2017 in duration and severity”.

“An estimated 2.3 million girls and boys are at imminent risk of violence, exploitation, abuse, neglect, and death from severe acute malnutrition as result of food and nutrition crisis across Somalia,” it said in August.

In 2017, more than six million people in Somalia, more than half of them children, needed aid because of a prolonged drought across East Africa.

But early humanitarian action averted famine that year.

After raising interest rates for the first time in over a decade at their last meeting, European Central Bank policymakers are poised to deliver another bumper hike on Thursday in a show of determination to tame soaring inflation.

Steep increases in the price of energy in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine have heaped pressure on households and sent the pace of consumer price rises to new highs. 

Eurozone inflation hit 9.1 percent in August, a record in the history of the single currency and well above the two-percent rate targeted by the ECB.

Meanwhile on Monday, the euro fell to a 20-year low against the dollar Monday, dropping below $0.99 as fears of a eurozone recession grew.

The ECB was unlikely to raise its rates “with the explicit goal of strengthening the currency”, said Frederik Ducrozet, head of macroeconomic research at Pictet, but the euro’s struggles against the greenback could “have some bearing on its decision-making”.

The Frankfurt-based institution is playing catch-up with other central banks in the United States and Britain that started raising rates harder and faster in response to inflation.

The “only question” for the ECB’s meeting this week was “whether it will be a 50 or 75 basis point hike,” said Carsten Brzeski, head of macro at the ING bank.

– ‘Determination’ –

Speaking at the annual Jackson Hole central banking symposium at the end of August, ECB board member Isabel Schnabel said the central bank needed to show “determination” to tame price rises.

Under this approach, the central bank would respond “more forcefully to the current bout of inflation, even at the risk of lower growth and higher unemployment”, she said.

In her speech in the US, Schnabel stressed the need for the people to “trust” that the ECB will restore their purchasing power.

The ECB’s 25-member governing council surprised with a 50-basis-point hike at its last meeting in July, bringing an end to eight years of negative interest rates in one fell swoop.

So-called forward guidance issued by the ECB, which limited its scope for action, has been ditched. Policymakers would now take their decisions “meeting-by-meeting”, the ECB President Christine Lagarde announced in July.

With that, the door has been opened for the ECB to follow in the footsteps of the US Federal Reserve and raise rates by a 75 basis points.

Following August’s red-hot inflation numbers, the influential head of the German central bank, Joachim Nagel, said the ECB needed a “strong rise in interest rates in September”.

– ‘Steady pace’ –

“Further interest rate steps are to be expected in the following months,” the Bundesbank president predicted.

But the ECB’s chief economist, Philip Lane, has counselled colleagues to follow a “steady pace” of interest rate rises.

Hiking at a rate that was “neither too slow nor too fast” was important due to the “high uncertainty” around the economy and the future path of inflation.

Alongside its policy decisions, the ECB will also share an updated set of economic forecasts for the eurozone.

In its last estimates, published in June, the ECB said it expected inflation to sit at 6.8 percent in 2022 before falling to 3.5 percent next year, while growth would slow from 2.8 percent this year to 2.1 in 2023.

But a more severe energy shock as Russia reduces gas deliveries to Europe could push the eurozone into a “deeper winter recession” and hold growth to zero percent in 2023, said Ducrozet.

At the same time, the soaring cost of energy would drive inflation close to double digits by the end of the year, he predicted.

The ECB had “no choice but to commit to faster monetary tightening as long as inflation keeps rising” even as a recession loomed, said Ducrozet. 

Turkey’s official inflation rate barely changed on Monday in a sign that a year-long crisis that has seen prices soar by 80 percent may finally be starting to ease.

The TUIK state statistics agency said that consumer prices rose by 80.2 percent in August from a year earlier.

The figure was fractionally higher than the 79.6 percent reported in July and only a small bump up from the 78.6 percent reading in June.

Turkey’s prices have been steadily rising since a low of 16.6 percent in May 2021.

The strategically important developing nation lurched into its latest economic crisis when President Recep Tayyip Erdogan launched an unorthodox experiment that attempted to fight inflation by lowering the main interest rate.

Conventional economic theory embraced by almost every other big nation pursues the exact opposite approach.

But Erdogan argues that higher interest rates contribute to price increases by making borrowing more expensive for businesses.

The president also says that charging interest violates Islamic rules against usury.

The central bank said over the weekend it expects the inflation rate to fall to 65 percent by the end of the year.

Erdogan himself says prices will only start falling in January.

The crisis has seen the ruling party’s approval ratings drop to historic lows heading into the next general election due by June 2023.

– ‘Wishful thinking’ –

The increases were led by a 117-percent jump in the cost of transportation and a rise of more than 90 percent in the price of food and household goods.

Erdogan’s government attributes inflation to outside factors such as the global spike in food and energy prices caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

But analysts blame Erdogan’s own government for pushing ahead with policies that have devalued the lira by more than 50 percent in 12 months.

That has made energy imports even more expensive and forced Turkey to strike deals with former regional rivals in a bid to prop up its depleting hard currency reserves.

It has also prompted Turks to buy even more dollars in a bid to preserve their eroding saving — a vicious circle that analysts warn can only be broken with sharp interest rate hikes.

None appears to be in the offing.

The central bank stunned the markets by actually lowering its main interest rate to 13 percent from 14 percent last month.

Erdogan has redoubled down on his economic rhetoric heading into election season and analysts fear that the policy rate is more likely to go down than up in the coming months.

“It seems that further interest rate cuts are more likely than not later this year,” Capital Economic said in a research note issued after the inflation report.

Some analysts and opposition leaders also question the accuracy of Turkey’s official economic readings.

Istanbul last week reported a 100-percent annual jump in prices.

Economists say the difference in inflation reported by Turkey’s largest city and the national figure — now at 20 percentage points — has never been higher.

They also point out that Erdogan has stacked most state institutions with allies while Istanbul is led by an opposition party mayor.

“I no longer believe the official (inflation) series,” said emerging market economic Timothy Ash of BlueBay Asset Management in London. 

“It looks like fantasy, wishful thinking.”

The UN’s humanitarian chief warned on Monday that drought-ravaged Somalia was on the brink of famine and time was running out to save lives.

“Famine is at the door and we are receiving a final warning,” Martin Griffiths, head of the UN’s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), told a press conference in Mogadishu.

“We are in the last moment of the 11th hour to save lives,” he declared.

An upcoming food and nutrition report on Somalia has concrete evidence that famine will strike two regions between October and December, Griffiths said. 

“I’ve been shocked to my core these past few days at the level of pain and suffering we see so many Somalis enduring,” said Griffiths, who began a visit to the country on Thursday.

Somalia and its neighbours in the Horn of Africa including Ethiopia and Kenya are in the grip of the worst drought in more than 40 years following four failed rainy seasons that have wiped out livestock and crops.

Humanitarian agencies have been ringing alarm bells for months.

The UN’s World Food Programme (WFP) last month said the number of people at risk of starvation across the region had increased to 22 million.

In Somalia alone, the number of people facing crisis hunger levels is 7.8 million, or about half the population, while around a million have fled their homes on a desperate quest for food and water, UN agencies say. 

In 2011, famine in parts of Somalia, one of the poorest countries on the planet, cost the lives of 260,000 people, more than half of them children under the age of six. 

Griffiths described scenes of heart-rending suffering during his visit to Baidoa, one of the two areas at risk of famine, saying he saw “children so malnourished they could barely speak” or cry.

– ‘Unprecedented drought’ –

The conflict-wracked country is considered one of the most vulnerable to climate change but is particularly ill-equipped to cope with the crisis.

A deadly insurgency by the radical Islamist Al-Shabaab group against the fragile federal government is limiting humanitarian access to many areas.

A long-running political crisis also diverted attention away from the drought, but new President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud used his inauguration speech in June to appeal for international help to stave off looming disaster.

In recent years, increasingly extreme droughts and floods have added to the devastation caused by a locust invasion and the Covid-19 pandemic.

“Somalia is facing unprecedented levels of drought which have particularly hit rural communities, alongside other impacts like conflict, Covid-19, macroeconomic challenges, and a recent desert locust upsurge,” the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) said in a statement on Friday. 

It said people’s means to produce food and earn income were “stretched beyond breaking point”.

The UN’s World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has said the Horn was likely facing a fifth straight failed rainy season over the months of October to December.

– ‘Sleepwalking’ to catastrophe – 

  

At the start of this year, the WFP had put the number at 13 million, and appealed for donors to open their wallets at a time of great need.

Funds were initially slow in coming, with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine among other crises drawing attention from the disaster in the Horn, humanitarian workers said.

The war in Ukraine has also sent global food and fuel prices soaring, making aid delivery more expensive.

In June, British charity Save the Children had issued an alert that the international community was “sleepwalking towards another catastrophic famine” in Somalia.

OCHA has said the March-May 2022 rainy season was the driest on record in the last 70 years “making the 2020-2022 surpass the horrific droughts in both 2010-2011 and 2016-2017 in duration and severity”.

“An estimated 2.3 million girls and boys are at imminent risk of violence, exploitation, abuse, neglect, and death from severe acute malnutrition as result of food and nutrition crisis across Somalia,” it said in August.

In 2017, more than six million people in Somalia, more than half of them children, needed aid because of a prolonged drought across East Africa.

But early humanitarian action averted famine that year.

The Inter-Agency Standing Committee chaired by Griffiths brings together the heads of 18 organisations inside and outside the UN.

Beijing on Monday accused the United States of launching “tens of thousands” of cyberattacks on China and pilfering troves of sensitive data, including from a public research university.

Washington has accused Beijing of cyberattacks against US businesses and government agencies, one of the issues over which ties between the two powers have nosedived in recent years.

China has consistently denied the claims and in turn lashed out against alleged US cyber espionage, but has rarely made public disclosures of specific attacks.

But a report released Monday by its National Computer Virus Emergency Response Center (CVERC) accused the US National Security Agency (NSA) of carrying out “tens of thousands of malicious attacks on network targets in China in recent years”.

It specifically accused the NSA’s Office of Tailored Access Operations (TAO) of infiltrating the Northwestern Polytechnical University in the city of Xi’an.

The university is funded by China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and specialises in aeronautical and space research.

CVERC alleged that TAO infiltrated the university’s networks and took “control of tens of thousands of network devices” including servers, routers and network switches.

Using dozens of cyber weapons and exploiting previously unknown flaws in the SunOS operating system, the unit gained access to “core technical data” including passwords and the operations of key network devices, the report said.

TAO has “stolen over 140 gigabytes of high-value data” in recent years and received assistance from groups in Europe and South Asia, CVERC said in the report, which was co-authored by the private Chinese cybersecurity firm Qihoo 360.

The foreign ministry in Beijing on Monday condemned the alleged hack, saying it “seriously endangers China’s national security and users’ personal data security”.

“We ask the US to provide an explanation and urge them to stop immediately this illegal move,” Mao Ning, a spokeswoman for the foreign ministry, said at a regular press conference.

The NSA did not immediately respond to an AFP request for comment.

In June, Xi’an authorities said they had launched an investigation into a reported cyberattack at Northwestern Polytechnical University that carried the hallmarks of “overseas hacking groups and unlawful elements”.

The attacks “caused significant risks and hidden dangers for normal work and life at our school”, a university cybersecurity official told state broadcaster CCTV in comments published on Monday.

Last year, Washington accused Beijing of carrying out a massive attack on Microsoft’s email software that affected at least 30,000 US organisations — including local governments — as well as customers in other countries.

China denied the allegations and countered that Washington was the “world champion” of cyber espionage.

European markets tumbled Monday and the euro hit a fresh 20-year low on growing fears about an energy crisis after Russia said it would not restart gas flows to the continent, while traders are also preparing for another interest rate hike this week.

The selling came after a mixed day in Asia, where the positive vibes from a US jobs report were offset by growing fears about the European outlook as well as Chinese Covid lockdowns and geopolitical tensions.

Paris, Frankfurt and London all sank sharply at the open after Russia’s Gazprom said it would not restart gas supplies to Europe, citing problems with a pipeline.

The announcement came the same day as the G7 nations said they would work to quickly implement a price cap on Russian oil exports, a move that would starve the Kremlin of critical revenue for its war effort.

The news ramped up an energy crisis in the continent caused by sanctions on Moscow for its invasion of Ukraine in February.

It has sent shockwaves through the eurozone economy and fanned expectations it will sink into recession, while sending the euro tanking to a 20-year low against the dollar. The single currency hit a nadir of $0.9878 at one point.

“Russia’s ongoing weaponisation of energy supplies continues to increase downside risks for European economies and the euro,” said Lee Hardman, currency analyst at financial services group MUFG. 

The issue has given the European Central Bank a huge headache. It is forced to lift interest rates as it struggles to contain runaway inflation.

Policymakers are due to announce a second straight lift at its meeting this week, with some observers betting on a 0.75 percentage point rise.

“The outlook is poor for Europe. It started to get choppy at the tail end of last week, and it is almost certainly going to get worse,” Gordon Shannon, of TwentyFour Asset Management, said.

“The ECB had only just started to catch up with the Fed in terms of hiking rates, but if we are going into a prolonged recession, I think this slows down their attempts.”

The move offset a broadly positive payrolls report showing US employment growth moderating and unemployment ticking higher, easing pressure on the Federal Reserve to sharply lift interest rates. 

In response to the figures, traders lowered their expectations for a third successive three-quarter point hike this month, with many now predicting 50 basis points.

“The increase in the participation rate and a softening in average hourly earnings may be a tentative sign that intense labour market tightness is starting to ease slightly,” said National Australia Bank’s Tapas Strickland.

He added that it “eases some of the fears stemming from other indicators such as job openings. Markets interpreted the print as lessening the chances of a 75 basis point hike”.

Still, the dollar continued to strengthen across the board, holding above 140 yen — a 24-year high — while the pound was on in on its way to hitting levels not seen since 1985.

However, all three main indexes in New York reversed their gains after the Gazprom announcement.

And in Asia on Monday, Hong Kong was the biggest loser, with tech firms hit by reports that the United States was considering imposing fresh limits on investments in Chinese firms.

Tokyo, Seoul, Taipei, Manila, Bangkok and Wellington also fell but there were gains in Shanghai, Sydney, Mumbai Singapore and Jakarta.

The Gazprom move helped lift oil prices Monday, with buying also supported by talk that OPEC and other major producers are considering cutting output at their meeting later Monday.

Investors were also dealing with more bad news out of China, where tens of millions of people across several cities have been thrown into lockdown as part of officials’ zero-Covid strategy.

The measures follow an extended shutdown in Shanghai earlier in the year that battered the world’s number two economy.

Observers said Chinese authorities were unlikely to budge ahead of a key Communist Party meeting in October, where Xi Jinping is expected to be handed a third five-year term as president.

“Following this, it is unclear whether China will start to pivot away from its zero-Covid policy,” said NAB’s Strickland.

“For as long as the policy exists, any stimulus measures are unlikely to gain traction, amid a challenging time for the Chinese property market and the economy in general.”

– Key figures at around 0810 GMT –

Frankfurt – DAX: DOWN 2.9 percent at 12,674.36

Paris – CAC 40: DOWN 2.0 percent at 6,046.66

EURO STOXX 50: DOWN 2.3 percent at 3,463.47

London – FTSE 100: DOWN 0.8 percent at 7,221.53

Tokyo – Nikkei 225: DOWN 0.1 percent at 27,619.61 (close)

Hong Kong – Hang Seng Index: DOWN 1.2 percent at 19,225.70 (close)

Shanghai – Composite: UP 0.4 percent at 3,199.91 (close)

Dollar/yen: UP at 140.57 yen from 140.16 yen on Friday

Euro/dollar: DOWN at $0.9911 from $0.9957

Pound/dollar: DOWN at $1.1479 from $1.1515

Euro/pound: DOWN at 86.34 pence from 86.45 pence

West Texas Intermediate: UP 2.4 percent at $88.91 per barrel

Brent North Sea crude: UP 2.5 percent at $95.35 per barrel

New York – Dow: DOWN 1.1 percent at 31,318.44 (close)

Cryptocurrency critics, including economists and researchers, will gather in London and online this week to get their message across to regulators about the booming but volatile sector.

A number of governments have expressed concerns over cryptocurrencies, but those behind the first Crypto Policy Symposium say they hope the event will prompt much more “critical discourse” of the sector.

“There are so many crypto conferences but they are funded by the crypto industry,” said Martin Walker, a co-organiser.

“The goal is to dispel some myths created by the crypto industry and to make policy makers start asking the right questions.”

But Walker, a banking IT expert, is quick to reject claims that Monday and Tuesday’s event is an “anti-crypto conference”.

Instead he says it is a chance to hear the critical voices of specialists in financial bubbles, researchers who have evaluated the industry’s carbon footprint and engineers who question the effectiveness of decentralised technologies. 

“We’ve got regulators from all over the world,” he said.

About 1,000 people have signed up to watch the conference online and UK officials are expected to attend a live event in London on Tuesday.

The conference comes as the price of bitcoin has plunged from a peak of nearly $69,000 last October to around $20,000.

The risky nature of the ultra-volatile and poorly regulated market for retail investors will be particularly highlighted. 

– Uninformed users –

Many central banks and financial market regulators have warned about the dangers posed by cryptocurrencies.

But in the absence of a clear legislative framework, users are rarely informed when making their investments, say crypto critics.

The collapse of cryptocurrency investment platform Celsius left customers in despair and unable to recover investments that sometimes included life savings.

The firm faced mounting troubles until it froze withdrawals in mid-June and a court filing showed it owed $4.7 billion to its users.

“People didn’t understand that their money wasn’t secure and they still don’t understand why they can’t get it back,” said Amy Castor, a respected freelance journalist who is among the most vocal of cryptocurrency critics. 

“We wanted to have our voices heard because it’s important for regulators to understand the risks, how crypto-currencies work, the scam inherent in it, so that they can do more to protect retail investors (and) the public,” she said.

Castor, who used to work for cryptocurrency media outlets, became known during the 2017 price surge and subsequent crash for her criticism of the so-called “stablecoin” Tether.

Tether’s price is pegged to the US dollar but its cash flow remains murky. 

“The problem is that crypto-currency has become so big that now there is a lot of money going into lobbying… to support politicians,” Castor added.

– Critic not a hater –

In the United States some elected officials have proudly shown support for the sector, especially at the local level.

The mayors of Miami and New York have said they want to make their cities cryptocurrency capitals, and there are municipality-specific currency projects in various stages of development.

“Officials are making broad statements about the good of cryptocurrencies,” said Tonantzin Carmona, a researcher at the Brookings Institution.

“They focus on what good could come from that tech and they ignore the real risks.”

In March, Carmona published a research paper on the potential danger posed by the mayors’ enthusiasm for cryptocurrencies. 

She feared being attacked on social networks but instead says her arguments found favour with the small community of crypto-sceptics, who helped her see that she was not a lone voice.

“There’s a difference between being a hater and being critical,” she said.