US Business

Swedish paleogeneticist Svante Paabo, who sequenced the genome of the Neanderthal and discovered the previously unknown hominin Denisova, on Monday won the Nobel Medicine Prize.

Paabo’s research gave rise to an entirely new scientific discipline called paleogenomics, and has “generated new understanding of our evolutionary history”, the Nobel committee said.

“By revealing genetic differences that distinguish all living humans from extinct hominins, his discoveries provide the basis for exploring what makes us uniquely human,” it said in a statement.

Paabo — the founder and director of the department of genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig — found that gene transfer had occurred from these now extinct hominins to Homo sapiens following the migration out of Africa around 70,000 years ago.

“This ancient flow of genes to present-day humans has physiological relevance today, for example affecting how our immune system reacts to infections,” the jury said.

One such example is that Covid-19 patients with a snippet of Neanderthal DNA run a higher risk of severe complications from the disease, Paabo found in a 2020 study.

Paabo told prize organisers Monday that he was “gulping down his last cup of tea” before picking up his young daughter when the committee called him Monday to tell him his research was being honoured.

He was surprised, he said. “I somehow did not think that this would really qualify for a Nobel Prize”.

Paabo, 67, takes home the award sum of 10 million kronor ($901,500).

He is one of only a handful of Nobel science laureates to win the prize alone. Major scientific discoveries are usually awarded to two or three people to reflect large team collaborations.

Paabo is the son of Sune Bergstrom, a Swede who won the 1982 Nobel Medicine Prize for discovering prostaglandins — biochemical compounds that influence blood pressure, body temperature, allergic reactions and other physiological phenomena.

In his 2014 memoir “Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes”, Paabo wrote that he was conceived as a result of a secret extra-marital affair.

He later told The Guardian outlet that Bergstrom’s “official” family knew nothing of his or his mother’s existence, the Estonian chemist Karin Paabo, until after Bergstrom’s death in 2005.

Paabo also wrote in his memoir that he “had always thought of myself as gay” until he met the woman who would become his wife, primatologist Linda Vigilant, who also works at the Max Planck Institute.

– Achieved ‘the seemingly impossible’ –

Homo sapiens are known to have first appeared in Africa around 300,000 years ago. 

Our closest known relatives, Neanderthals, developed outside Africa and populated Europe and Western Asia from around 400,000 to 30,000 years ago, when they became extinct.

That means that about 70,000 years ago, groups of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals coexisted in large parts of Eurasia for tens of thousands of years.

“The last 40,000 years is quite unique in human history in that we are the only form of humans around. Until that time there were almost always other types of humans that existed”, Paabo said in the interview with prize organisers.

In order to study the relationship between present-day humans and extinct Neanderthals, DNA needed to be sequenced from archaic specimens with only trace amounts of DNA left after thousands of years.

In 1990, Paabo managed to sequence a bit of mitochondrial DNA from a 40,000-year-old piece of bone.

“For the first time, we had access to a sequence from an extinct relative”, the Nobel jury said.

Comparisons with contemporary humans and chimpanzees showed that Neanderthals were genetically distinct.

Paabo then “accomplished the seemingly impossible”, the committee said, when he published the first Neanderthal genome sequence in 2010.

It showed that the most recent common ancestor of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens lived around 800,000 years ago. 

Paabo and his team were able to show that DNA sequences from Neanderthals were more similar to those from contemporary humans originating from Europe or Asia than those from Africa.

“This means that Neanderthals and Homo sapiens interbred during their millennia of coexistence,” the Nobel jury said.

In modern day humans with European or Asian descent, around one to four percent of the genome originates from Neanderthals.

– New addition to family tree –

In 2008, Paabo and his team went on to sequence a 40,000-year-old bone fragment found in the Denisova cave in southern Siberia. 

It contained exceptionally well-preserved DNA.

“The results caused a sensation — the DNA sequence was unique when compared to all known sequences from Neanderthals and present-day humans,” the Nobel jury said.

Paabo had discovered a previously unknown hominin, which was given the name Denisova.

Comparisons showed the gene flow had also occurred between Denisova and Homo sapiens.

As a result of Paabo’s research, we now know that when Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa, at least two extinct hominin populations inhabited Eurasia — Neanderthals lived in western Eurasia, whereas Denisovans populated the eastern parts of the continent.

US reality star Kim Kardashian has agreed to pay a $1.26 million fine after unlawfully pushing a cryptocurrency on Instagram without revealing that she was paid to do so, the Securities and Exchange Commission announced Monday. 

The agency accused Kardashian, who has 331 million followers on Instagram — making her one of the top ten most followed people on the global social network — of failing to disclose that she was paid $250,000 to post about EMAX tokens, the crypto asset security being offered by EthereumMax.

The fine includes a penalty of $1 million plus $260,000, representing the amount Kardashian paid plus interest, the SEC said in a statement. She also agreed not to promote any crypto asset securities for three years.

“This case is a reminder that, when celebrities or influencers endorse investment opportunities, including crypto asset securities, it doesn’t mean that those investment products are right for all investors,” said SEC Chair Gary Gensler in the statement.

“We encourage investors to consider an investment’s potential risks and opportunities in light of their own financial goals.”

Reality-star-turned entrepreneur Kardashian came to fame with the US reality show “Keeping Up With the Kardashians,” which tracked the lives of her family members in Los Angeles.

The 41-year-old has steadily built her business empire in recent years — most visibly with her apparel and beauty brands — and has a net worth of $1.8 billion, according to Forbes. 

She announced last month that she was branching into a new business arena with the launch of a private equity firm SKKY Partners.

Other celebrities have been nabbed in the past by US authorities for illegally promoting cryptocurrencies, including boxer Floyd Mayweather, rap star DJ Khaled, actor Steven Seagal and rapper T.I.

Britain’s under-fire Conservative government on Monday announced a dramatic U-turn on a controversial tax cut for high-earners, part of a debt-driven economic package that has bombed with the markets, electorate and much of the ruling party.

The abrupt reversal by Prime Minister Liz Truss and finance minister Kwasi Kwarteng raised questions about their right-wing policy agenda less than a month after taking power and a day after both vowed to stay the course.

“We get it, and we have listened,” the pair tweeted almost simultaneously, as they revealed the 45 percent top rate of income tax would remain.

But their contentious plans still comprise axing a cap on bankers’ bonuses and reversing a planned rise in corporation tax, as well as a recent hike in national insurance contributions.

At the same time, they have refused to rule out cuts to spending and benefits amid Britain’s worst cost-of-living crisis in generations.

The perceived unfairness of the package has ignited a political storm as the Tories gather for their annual conference in Birmingham.

On the markets, the intention to pay for the tax cuts with billions more in extra borrowing had sent the pound tumbling to a record low against the dollar and UK government bond yields soaring.

The pound rebounded Monday as they partially reversed course, with Kwarteng arguing in a series of broadcast interviews that the top rate tax cut had become a “massive distraction”. 

“We’ve decided not to proceed with that because it was drowning out the elements of an excellent plan,” he insisted, pointing to a popular if costly scheme to cap energy bills.

Asked if he had considered resigning, Kwarteng told the BBC: “Not at all.”

– ‘Insensitive’ –

The finance chief was hastily rewriting his speech later Monday at the Tory conference, when he had been due to say: “We must stay the course”.

On Sunday, Truss had admitted communication errors in how the September 23 economic package had been presented, but agreed she was “absolutely committed” to abolishing the top tax rate. 

Within 24 hours, the 47-year-old prime minister — only in the role since September 6 — had performed one of most striking government U-turns in recent memory.

Truss told the BBC she had not discussed axing the high-earners’ tax band with her cabinet, who only seemed to learn of the reversal along with the public on Monday.

She also appeared to distance herself from the move by claiming “it was a decision that the chancellor made”, but her spokesman downplayed the comments.

“The prime minister was clear that… fiscal events are the responsibility of the chancellor — that’s all she was setting clear,” he told reporters Monday.

Out of a total tax package worth £45 billion ($50 billion), the top rate cut would have cost some £2 billion — relatively small, but outsized for its political impact.

Tory MPs who backed former finance minister Rishi Sunak — Truss’s rival in the recent Tory leadership race — had threatened to vote it down, raising the prospect of a major battle in the House of Commons.

Grant Shapps, who was refused a cabinet job by Truss, welcomed her scrapping the tax cut, which he told BBC radio had been planned with “grossly insensitive timing”.

– ‘Pragmatism’ –

With the U-turn, the stakes have soared for Truss as she prepares to close the party conference with a speech Wednesday.

A raft of polls have found Truss and her economic package deeply unpopular, alongside plummeting ratings for the Tories.

Some surveys showed Labour with mammoth leads of up to 33 points — its biggest since the heyday of its former prime minister Tony Blair in the late 1990s.

Labour’s finance spokeswoman Rachel Reeves said the climbdown “comes too late for the families who will pay higher mortgages and higher prices for years to come” following the recent market turmoil.

“The Tories have destroyed their economic credibility and damaged trust in the British economy,” she said.

Party members in Birmingham appeared more divided.

“We did see some pragmatism this morning,” Sarah Smith, 47, a councillor in southern England, told AFP, adding it would have been “more damaging” to persevere.

She said Truss needed to refocus on the electorate that handed her predecessor Boris Johnson an 80-seat majority in 2019, and “deliver a certain agenda. It wasn’t this one,” she noted.

Swedish paleogeneticist Svante Paabo, who sequenced the genome of the Neanderthal and discovered the previously unknown hominin Denisova, on Monday won the Nobel Medicine Prize.

Paabo’s research gave rise to an entirely new scientific discipline called paleogenomics, and has “generated new understanding of our evolutionary history”, the Nobel committee said.

“By revealing genetic differences that distinguish all living humans from extinct hominins, his discoveries provide the basis for exploring what makes us uniquely human,” it said in a statement.

Paabo — the founder and director of the department of genetics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig — found that gene transfer had occurred from these now extinct hominins to Homo sapiens following the migration out of Africa around 70,000 years ago.

“This ancient flow of genes to present-day humans has physiological relevance today, for example affecting how our immune system reacts to infections,” the jury said.

One such example is that Covid-19 patients with a snippet of Neanderthal DNA run a higher risk of severe complications from the disease, Paabo found in a 2020 study.

The secretary of the Nobel Medicine Prize committee, Thomas Perlmann, told reporters Paabo was “overwhelmed” and “speechless” on Monday when he called him in Leipzig, Germany, to share the good news.

Paabo, 67, takes home the award sum of 10 million Swedish kronor ($901,500).

He is one of the rare Nobel science laureates to win the prize alone. Major scientific discoveries are usually awarded to two or three people to reflect large team collaborations.

The last single medicine laureate was Yoshinori Ohsumi of Japan in 2016.

Paabo is the son of Sune Bergstrom, a Swede who won the 1982 Nobel Medicine Prize for discovering prostaglandins — biochemical compounds that influence blood pressure, body temperature, allergic reactions and other physiological phenomena.

In his 2014 memoir “Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes”, Paabo wrote that he was the result of a secret extra-marital affair.

He later told The Guardian that Bergstrom’s “official” family knew nothing of his or his mother’s existence, the Estonian chemist Karin Paabo, until after Bergstrom’s death in 2005.

Paabo also wrote in his memoir that he “had always thought of myself as gay” until he met the woman who would become his wife, primatologist Linda Vigilant, who also works at the Max Planck Institute.

– Achieved ‘the seemingly impossible’ –

Homo sapiens are known to have first appeared in Africa around 300,000 years ago. 

Our closest known relatives, Neanderthals, developed outside Africa and populated Europe and Western Asia from around 400,000 to 30,000 years ago, when they became extinct.

That means that about 70,000 years ago, groups of Homo sapiens and Neanderthals coexisted in large parts of Eurasia for tens of thousands of years.

In order to study the relationship between present-day humans and extinct Neanderthals, DNA needed to be sequenced from archaic specimens with only trace amounts of DNA left after thousands of years.

In 1990, Paabo managed to sequence a bit of mitochondrial DNA from a 40,000-year-old piece of bone.

“For the first time, we had access to a sequence from an extinct relative”, the Nobel jury said.

Comparisons with contemporary humans and chimpanzees showed that Neanderthals were genetically distinct.

Paabo then “accomplished the seemingly impossible”, the Nobel committee said, when he published the first Neanderthal genome sequence in 2010.

It showed that the most recent common ancestor of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens lived around 800,000 years ago. 

Paabo and his team were able to show that DNA sequences from Neanderthals were more similar to those from contemporary humans originating from Europe or Asia than those from Africa.

“This means that Neanderthals and Homo sapiens interbred during their millennia of coexistence,” the Nobel jury said.

In modern day humans with European or Asian descent, around one to four percent of the genome originates from Neanderthals.

– New addition to family tree –

In 2008, Paabo and his team went on to sequence a 40,000-year-old bone fragment found in the Denisova cave in southern Siberia. 

It contained exceptionally well-preserved DNA.

“The results caused a sensation — the DNA sequence was unique when compared to all known sequences from Neanderthals and present-day humans.”

Paabo had discovered a previously unknown hominin, which was given the name Denisova.

Comparisons showed the gene flow had also occurred between Denisova and Homo sapiens.

As a result of Paabo’s research, we now know that when Homo sapiens migrated out of Africa, at least two extinct hominin populations inhabited Eurasia — Neanderthals lived in western Eurasia, whereas Denisovans populated the eastern parts of the continent.

Britain’s debt-fuelled economy remains threatened by recession and the pound mired by trouble despite the government of new Prime Minister Liz Truss performing a swift tax U-turn.

Sterling was up slightly Monday, having recovered in recent days from a record dollar-low that followed the budget seen as benefitting the richest in Britain during a cost-of-living crisis.

London’s benchmark FTSE 100 index was down about half a percent, mirroring losses on global equity markets.

UK gilts, or government bonds, remain supported by an emergency Bank of England intervention after yields rocketed following the debt-fuelled budget late last month.

– ‘Outlook tweaked’ –

“The tax cut reversal gives the pound a bit more room to recover, but since it only really tweaks the fiscal outlook I don’t expect the recovery to go on for too long,” IG Index analyst Chris Beauchamp told AFP.

“Gilts continue to reflect this nervousness, and until we get a bigger reversal and/or more clarity on the fiscal outlook, they should remain under pressure.”

In a dramatic change of plan, Britain’s beleaguered finance minister Kwasi Kwarteng said Monday on Twitter that he would no longer be scrapping the 45 percent top rate of income tax levied on the highest earners.

“We get it, and we have listened,” said the chancellor of the exchequer.

No other changes were made to the budget, which includes axing a cap on bankers’ bonuses, reversing a planned rise on company profits and cutting taxes for all workers.

The intention to pay for the cuts with billions more pounds (dollars) in extra borrowing had a week ago sent sterling to an all-time nadir close to parity with the greenback and put pension funds at risk from soaring bond yields.

“The tax cut reversal… does not do much to boost the government’s credibility in the eyes of the market, though it does at least show they are paying attention,” noted Neil Wilson at Markets.com.

“Whilst the U-turn did produce a short burst of buying, sterling had pretty well recovered its losses last week — a tougher line from the Bank of England in terms of rate hikes and its intervention to shore up the gilt market were the key factors.” 

Wilson said “sentiment remains pretty weak and there could be another lurch lower for the pound”, while the BoE’s intervention to buy gilts worth up to £65 billion ends next week.

– UK credit warnings –

Analysts have argued that the budget could fuel already sky-high UK inflation, forcing the Bank of England to raise its main interest rate even more aggressively than planned. 

Mortgage deals, which are based on the BoE interest rate, have rocketed in the past week, offsetting financial benefit for households from a UK government’s cap on energy bills.

Ratings agencies have also voiced concern, with S&P on Friday revising its outlook for the UK from “stable” to “negative” following the markets fallout. 

Moody’s had already warned that Kwarteng’s fiscal strategy was “credit negative” and could “permanently weaken the UK’s debt affordability”. 

On a positive note, Britain is not yet in recession, revised official data showed Friday — but that could all change in the coming months.

“Confidence is still lacking in this government and there is a cliff edge in a couple of weeks when the Bank of England’s emergency bond-buying programme comes to an end,” said Philip Dragoumis at Thera Wealth Management.

Major oil-producing nations led by Saudi Arabia and Russia are expected to make this week their biggest output cut since the start of the Covid pandemic in efforts to buttress prices.

Energy prices soared after Russia invaded Ukraine earlier this year, pushing inflation to decades-high levels that have put pressure on economies across the world.

But crude prices have fallen in recent months on concerns over demand amid a slowdown in the global economy.

The 13 members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), led by Riyadh, and their 10 allies headed by Moscow will hold on Wednesday their first in-person meeting at the group’s headquarters in Vienna since March 2020.

Collectively known as OPEC+, the alliance drastically slashed output by almost 10 million barrels per day in April 2020 to reverse a massive drop in crude prices caused by Covid lockdowns.

OPEC+ began to raise production last year after the market improved — output returned to pre-pandemic levels this year, but only on paper as some members struggled to meet their quotas.

The group agreed last month on a slight cut of 100,000 bpd from October, the first in more than a year.

– One million cut –

Analysts now expect OPEC+ to decide to take one million bpd out of the market from November at Wednesday’s meeting.

“There’s been plenty of rumours about how the alliance will respond to the deteriorating economic outlook and lower prices,” said Craig Erlam, analyst at trading platform OANDA.

“A sizeable cut now looks on the cards, the question is whether it will be large enough to offset the demand destruction caused by the impending economic downturn,” he added.

After soaring close to $140 per barrel in the aftermath of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, oil prices have dropped below the $90 mark.

According to the UBS bank, a cut of at least 500,000 bpd would be necessary to stop the price plunge.

In anticipation of Wednesday’s meeting, oil prices jumped more than four percent on Monday, with Brent North Sea crude, the international benchmark, reaching $88.55 — still far from its March peak.

– Ignoring the West –

Stephen Brennock, an analyst with PVM Energy, said OPEC+ would “want to reassert its influence” when the group meets this week.

“After all, the producer group has lost control over the oil market in recent weeks,” he said.

It remains to be seen how the United States and other major oil consumers will react to any OPEC+ decision to slash output.

Consumer countries have pushed for OPEC+ to open taps more widely to bring down prices — calls which the group has largely ignored.

US President Joe Biden made a controversial trip to Saudi Arabia in July in part to convince the kingdom to loosen the production taps, meeting Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman despite his promise to make Riyadh a “pariah” following the 2018 killing of journalist Jamal Khashoggi.

“OPEC will not be making any friends among Western leaders, especially petroleum importers whose economies and currencies are ravaged by higher oil prices due to a deterioration in the trade balance,” said Stephen Innes, an analyst with SPI Asset Management, ahead of Wednesday’s meeting.

Observers have cast doubt how much more OPEC+ could possibly be pumping with some of its members struggling to meet quotas.

Bjarne Schieldrop, chief commodities analyst at SEB research group, predicted it would be “very easy for the group to implement cuts given that most members are stretched to the limit of what they can produce”.

He said Saudi Arabia was currently producing 11 million barrels per day.

“It hasn’t maintained such a high production more than twice in history and then only for 1-2 months,” he said.

Social media sites could be blocked or fined in Singapore if they fail to stop users in the tightly-controlled country from accessing “harmful” content under a proposed law introduced in parliament on Monday.

Under the bill, regulators can order social media platforms to block “egregious content” including posts advocating violence and terrorism or depictions of child sexual exploitation.

Content that poses a public health risk or that is likely to cause racial and religious disharmony in Singapore is also included, the Ministry of Communications and Information said in a statement on Monday.

“While some online services have made efforts to address harmful content, the prevalence of harmful online content remains a concern, given the high level of digital penetration and pervasive usage of online services among Singapore users, including children”, the ministry said.

Regulators can also order platforms to block a specific account from being accessed by users in Singapore, but the orders will not apply to private communications.

Online communication services “with significant reach or impact in Singapore” may also be required to introduce measures to prevent Singapore users, particularly children, from accessing harmful content, the ministry said, without naming the platforms.

Parliament will debate the bill in November. If it is passed, it would give authorities another tool to control online content.

Singapore last year passed a contentious law aimed at preventing foreign interference in domestic politics. 

The law allows authorities to compel internet service providers and social media platforms to provide user information, block content and remove applications used to spread content they deem hostile.

Three years ago, the city-state passed a law combating “fake news”, which gives government ministers powers to order social media sites to put warnings next to posts authorities deem to be false, and in extreme cases get them taken down.

European stocks sank Monday on fears over the health of Swiss bank Credit Suisse, while oil jumped on expectations of an OPEC output cut. 

Investors are already on edge over worries that rising interest rates, aimed at fighting sky-high inflation, could spark recessions.

The British pound bounced above $1.12 after the UK scrapped plans to axe its top income tax rate, after a debt-fuelled budget had sent sterling spiralling to a record dollar low one week ago.

– ‘Dicey’ sentiment –

“Sentiment is still pretty dicey and Credit Suisse is definitely weighing heavily today on European equities,” Markets.com analyst Neil Wilson told AFP.

“A globally systemic bank requiring to raise capital would be a major event and could certainly undermine confidence in the banking system.”

Shares in Credit Suisse plunged to a new low in Zurich on Monday as the scandal-plagued lender sought to ease concerns about its financial health.

Stocks tumbled almost 10 percent to 3.58 Swiss francs ($3.61) before clawing back ground to 3.65 francs, down more than eight percent.

The Financial Times reported that senior executives sought over the weekend to reassure big clients and investors about the bank’s liquidity and capital position due to concerns raised about its financial strength.

“The sad reality is that if there is something wrong with Credit Suisse, then we have a major issue as this is a gigantic institute, and the domino effect will be unbearable,” said AvaTrade analyst Naseem Aslam.

– Oil spikes before OPEC –

Oil briefly leapt by more than four percent as reports said OPEC and its allies are considering a major output cut to stem a price plunge caused by demand worries.

That stoked stubborn concerns about soaring inflation, which has been fuelled this year by sky-high energy prices after key producer Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

“The rumours of a potential OPEC production cut won’t do anything to calm worries about inflation and a recession,” said IG analyst Chris Beauchamp.

The 13 members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), led by Riyadh, and their 10 partners led by Moscow will physically meet on Wednesday for the first time since March 2020.

– Sterling gains on U-turn –

The pound rallied briefly after UK finance minister Kwasi Kwarteng made a major U-turn with the scrapping of a controversial plan to axe the top income tax rate.

The cut was part of a controversial mini-budget unveiled by Kwarteng 10 days ago, which had sent sterling spinning to a record low of $1.0350. 

UK gilts, or government bonds, remain supported by an emergency Bank of England intervention after yields rocketed following the debt-fuelled budget late last month.

Asian equities mainly fell Monday, with Hong Kong tumbling to its lowest point in more than a decade as fears for China’s economy deepens this year’s investor rout.

The Hang Seng Index shed 0.83 percent, or 143.32 points, to close at 17,079.51. 

But crucially it crossed below the 17,000 level in the afternoon, touching a nadir not seen since October 2011 and the aftermath of the global financial crash and during the eurozone debt crisis.

– Key figures around 1100 GMT –

London – FTSE 100: DOWN 0.6 percent at 6,851.58 points 

Frankfurt – DAX: DOWN 0.6 percent at 12,045.07

Paris – CAC 40: DOWN 0.9 percent at 5,711.45

EURO STOXX 50: DOWN 0.7 percent at 3,295.64

Tokyo – Nikkei 225: UP 1.1 percent at 26,215.79 (close)

Hong Kong – Hang Seng Index: DOWN 0.8 percent at 17,079.51 (close)

Shanghai – Composite: Closed for a holiday

New York – Dow: DOWN 1.7 percent at 28,725.51 (close)

Pound/dollar: UP at $1.1187 from $1.1170 on Friday

Euro/dollar: DOWN at $0.9775 from $0.9802

Euro/pound: DOWN at 87.35 pence from 87.75 pence

Dollar/yen: UP at 145.08 yen from 144.74 yen

Brent North Sea crude: UP 4.0 percent at $88.55 per barrel

West Texas Intermediate: UP 4.1 percent at $82.71 per barrel

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